Measures what GPT-5 believes about Mountebank from training alone, before any web search. We probe the model 5 times across 5 different angles and score 5 sub-signals.
High overlap with brand prompts shows Mountebank is firmly in the model's "api testing tool" category.
Mountebank is known as an open-source service virtualization and API mocking tool—used to create imposters for testing without relying on real external services.
Mountebank is known as an open-source service virtualization tool used for creating test doubles like stubs and mocks for APIs and network services.
Unprompted recall on 15 high-volume discovery prompts, run 5 times each in pure recall mode (no web). Brands that surface here are baked into the model's training, not borrowed from live search.
| Discovery prompt | Volume | Appeared | Positions (5 runs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| What are the best api testing tools for teams? | 110 | 0/5 | — |
| What are the top api testing tools right now? | 10 | 0/5 | — |
| Which api testing tool is best for beginners? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
| What are the most popular api testing tools? | 10 | 0/5 | — |
| Which api testing tools do most developers recommend? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
| What is the best api testing tool for automation? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
| What api testing tools are best for enterprise use? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
| What are the best api testing tools for rest apis? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
| What are the best api testing tools for microservices? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
| Which api testing tools have the best features? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
| What are the best api testing tools for qa teams? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
| What are the best api testing tools for devops? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
| What are the best api testing tools for security testing? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
| What are the most reliable api testing tools? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
| What api testing tool should I use for automated tests? | 0 | 0/5 | — |
Generated automatically from gaps and weaknesses in the analysis above, ranked by potential impact on the AI Visibility Score.
Your Authority is low across category queries. Users asking about your category do not see you. Priority: get listed in "best of" and "top N" articles for your category on domains with strong training-data crawl presence.
+10 to +25 on AuthorityThe model knows your brand when asked directly (LBA > 0) but never volunteers you in category queries. You are outside the model's go-to list. Co-mention density with established category leaders is the single biggest lever: get listed in "Top 10 X" articles alongside the brands the model currently names.
+10 to +30 on TOM over 12-18 monthsThe model knows your category but may not name your specific products. Get product-level content into independent reviews, comparison articles, and ranked lists.
+5 to +15 on LBAOther brands in the API Testing Tools industry, ranked by overall AI Visibility Score.
Every score on this page is reproducible. Below is exactly what we ran and how we computed each number.
composite = ((LBA + 5)(Authority + 5)(TOM + 5))^(1/3) - 5. The floor keeps brands the model clearly recognises but doesn't yet recommend from collapsing to zero, while a single genuinely weak metric still pulls the composite down. Full methodology.
quality × meta × stability × share × recognition × 100. Each sub-signal is on a 0-1 scale. Read the full LBA methodology →
Analysis run on April 22, 2026 at 9:41 PM
Click a prompt to expand its responses. 210 total responses across 72 prompts.
Mountebank is known as an open-source service virtualization and API mocking tool—used to create imposters for testing without relying on real external services.
Mountebank is known as an open-source service virtualization tool used for creating test doubles like stubs and mocks for APIs and network services.
Mountebank is best known as an open-source service virtualization tool used to create mocks, stubs, and test doubles for APIs and distributed systems.
Mountebank is known as an open-source service virtualization and API mocking tool used for testing by simulating dependencies like HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, and SMTP services.
Mountebank is best known as an open-source service virtualization and mocking tool for testing distributed systems and APIs.
Mountebank’s main strengths are its flexibility for API/service mocking, support for multiple protocols (like HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, and others), and its usefulness for testing distributed systems without relying on real downstream services. It’s also cross-platform and easy to run as a standalone service.
Its main weaknesses are that it can be more complex to set up and maintain than simpler mocking tools, it may feel heavy for small test suites, and its documentation/learning curve can be a barrier for new users. In some teams, it’s also less convenient if they only need basic HTTP stubbing.
Mountebank’s main strengths are that it’s open-source, language-agnostic, and very good for mocking APIs and simulating dependent services in tests. It’s flexible, works across protocols (like HTTP and TCP), and helps teams do fast, reliable integration testing without needing real downstream systems.
Its main weaknesses are that it can take some setup and learning, it’s not as polished or turnkey as some commercial tools, and it can become harder to manage in very large or complex test environments. It also focuses on service virtualization, so it’s not a full testing platform by itself.
Mountebank's main strengths are its flexibility, language-agnostic design, and strong support for mocking/stubbing APIs and services across different protocols (like HTTP and TCP). It’s useful for integration testing, service virtualization, and simulating hard-to-reproduce dependencies.
Its main weaknesses are that it can have a steeper learning curve than simpler mocking tools, setup/maintenance can be more involved, and it may feel heavy if you only need basic request/response stubs. It can also require careful configuration to manage complex scenarios well.
Mountebank’s main strengths are that it’s lightweight, language-agnostic, easy to stand up for API/service mocking, and flexible for simulating a wide range of HTTP/TCP/SOAP behaviors. It’s especially useful for integration testing and isolating systems under test.
Its main weaknesses are that it can be more manual to configure than some newer mock servers, the ecosystem/community is relatively smaller, and very complex scenarios or high-scale production-like simulations can take extra effort to maintain. It’s best seen as a strong testing tool, not a full enterprise service virtualization suite.
Mountebank’s main strengths are its simplicity, flexibility, and language-agnostic approach to service mocking/stubbing. It’s good for creating realistic test doubles for HTTP, HTTPS, and TCP services, and it can help teams test integrations without depending on live systems. It’s also lightweight and easy to run locally or in CI.
Main weaknesses: it can feel low-level compared with more opinionated mocking tools, so setup may take more effort. It’s not as polished or widely adopted as some alternatives, and advanced scenarios can require extra manual configuration. In larger teams, maintaining many imposters/stubs can also become cumbersome.
Mountebank is best for developers, QA engineers, and DevOps teams who need to stub, mock, or simulate APIs and services during testing, especially in microservices or integration-test setups.
It may not be a good fit for teams that want a very simple, low-maintenance tool, need full production-grade service virtualization out of the box, or prefer built-in, highly polished UI/workflows over a command-line/config-driven approach.
Avoid it if your team needs a turnkey enterprise platform, has little tolerance for setup/maintenance, or doesn’t need API mocking/service simulation at all.
Mountebank is best for developers, QA engineers, and SREs who need to mock, stub, or virtualize APIs and services for testing, especially when real dependencies are slow, unstable, unavailable, or expensive.
You should avoid it if you want a fully production-ready replacement for real services, need a very simple no-code solution, or don’t have the technical comfort to configure and maintain mocks/stubs. It’s also not ideal if your tests must validate the exact behavior of live third-party systems.
Mountebank is best for developers, QA engineers, and test automation teams who need service virtualization—especially when they want to mock APIs, simulate hard-to-reach dependencies, or test failure scenarios without using real downstream systems.
It’s a good fit if you:
You may want to avoid it if you:
In short: use Mountebank for serious service mocking and dependency simulation; avoid it if your needs are very basic or you want minimal setup.
Mountebank is best for developers, QA engineers, and test automation teams who need to stub or simulate APIs, services, or edge cases during development and integration testing. It’s especially useful when real dependencies are unstable, unavailable, expensive, or hard to reproduce.
Avoid it if you need a full production-grade backend, a simple out-of-the-box mocking tool with minimal setup, or if your team isn’t comfortable with running and configuring a service-based test double. Also avoid relying on it as a replacement for real integration testing with live systems.
Mountebank is best for developers, QA engineers, and DevOps teams who need to mock or stub APIs and services for testing, integration work, or development when real dependencies are unavailable, unstable, or expensive to hit.
It’s less ideal for teams who need a very simple plug-and-play mock with minimal setup, or for production use cases where they need fully managed, highly opinionated service virtualization with lots of enterprise features out of the box. If your team prefers low-code tools or doesn’t want to maintain a mocking service, Mountebank may be more than you need.
Mountebank is a solid open-source service virtualization/mocking tool, but it tends to sit in a narrower niche than some of its competitors.
Overall: choose Mountebank if you want a lightweight, flexible, open-source tool for multi-protocol stubbing. Choose WireMock or a commercial platform if you want more mature ecosystem, UX, or enterprise features.
Mountebank is an open-source service virtualization / mocking tool, and it tends to stand out for being lightweight, cross-platform, and multi-protocol. Compared with main competitors:
Overall: Mountebank is a strong choice if you want an open-source, protocol-agnostic mock server. It’s less specialized than WireMock for HTTP and less enterprise-heavy than paid alternatives.
Mountebank is an open-source service virtualization/mock server that’s strongest when you need protocol-agnostic stubbing across HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, and more. Compared with its main competitors:
In short: choose Mountebank if you want flexible, lightweight, multi-protocol mocking; choose WireMock or MockServer for easier HTTP-centric workflows; choose enterprise tools if you need advanced management and vendor support.
Mountebank is a strong, flexible service virtualization tool, but it’s usually chosen by teams that want a lightweight, language-agnostic way to mock HTTP, TCP, and other protocols with simple JSON config and imposters. Compared with its main competitors:
In short: choose Mountebank for flexibility and multi-protocol support; choose WireMock or OpenAPI-based tools for easier HTTP-centric workflows.
Mountebank is a lightweight, open-source service virtualization tool that shines when you need multi-protocol stubbing (HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, and more) and flexible behavior control. Compared with its main competitors:
Overall: choose Mountebank if you need protocol breadth and custom stub logic; choose WireMock or Hoverfly if your needs are mainly HTTP and you want more convenience and ecosystem maturity.
People typically complain that Mountebank has a steeper learning curve, sparse/inconsistent documentation, and a fairly bare-bones user experience. Others mention debugging complex stubs can be fiddly, and that it may feel less polished or scalable for very large test setups.
People commonly complain that Mountebank can be a bit complex to set up and learn at first, especially for simple use cases. Some also mention that documentation/examples can feel limited, and that debugging or maintaining more advanced mocks/stubs can become tedious. In short: powerful, but sometimes a little heavy or fiddly for teams that want something very lightweight.
People typically complain that Mountebank can be a bit hard to learn, its configuration can feel verbose or fiddly, and the documentation/examples may not be as polished as they’d like. Some also mention occasional setup, debugging, or performance pain when using it in larger test suites.
If you mean the API-mocking/testing tool Mountebank, people most often complain about its steep learning curve, sparse/spotty documentation, and a setup that can feel fiddly at first. Some also mention performance or stability issues at larger scale, plus a lack of a polished GUI and simpler out-of-the-box workflows.
If you mean the Mountebank service-virtualization tool, people typically complain about a steep learning curve, sparse documentation/examples, and debugging/setup friction.
A typical API testing tool is known for sending requests to endpoints and checking responses—status codes, headers, body data, authentication, and performance. It helps verify that APIs work correctly and reliably.
An API testing tool is typically known for sending HTTP requests, inspecting responses, debugging endpoints, organizing requests into collections, managing environments/variables, and automating API tests. A common example is Postman.
A typical API testing tool is known for sending requests to APIs, validating responses, checking status codes and data formats, and helping debug and automate backend testing.
An API testing tool is typically known for sending requests to APIs and checking responses—status codes, headers, body content, authentication, and performance. Common uses include validating endpoints, debugging integrations, running automated tests, and verifying that an API behaves as expected.
A typical API testing tool is known for sending requests to endpoints, checking responses, and validating status codes, headers, and payloads for functionality, reliability, and performance.
Best API testing tools for automated regression testing:
Best overall picks:
If you want, I can also rank these by:
If your goal is automated regression testing, my short list is:
APIRequestContext and supports mocking/network control. (playwright.dev)
Best pick by situation:
If you want, I can also give you a ranked top 3 for your stack (Python/Java/JavaScript, REST vs SOAP, CI/CD, budget).
Good options for CI/CD API testing:
Best all-around picks:
If you want, I can suggest the best tool based on your language/CI system.
A few that work especially well in CI/CD are:
Quick pick:
If you want, I can narrow this down by stack (GitHub Actions, Jenkins, GitLab, Azure DevOps) or by team style (GUI-first vs code-first).
For contract testing, the best tools are usually:
If you want the best dedicated contract testing tool, start with Pact. If you're a Spring Boot team, pick Spring Cloud Contract.
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 comparison table with pros/cons and pricing.
For API contract testing, the safest “best” picks are:
Quick recommendation:
If you want, I can also give you a best tool by language/team setup (Java, JS/TS, Python, .NET, etc.).
Good API testing tools with strong mock server support:
Best picks by use case:
If you want, I can also rank these for free vs paid, or suggest the best one for your stack (REST, OpenAPI, GraphQL, webhook, etc.).
Good picks for mock servers in API testing:
Quick rule of thumb:
If you want, I can narrow this down to best free tools, best for OpenAPI, or best for CI/CD.
Best API performance testing tools:
If you want, I can also give you the best tool by language/team stack (Java, Python, JS, DevOps, enterprise).
Best picks for API performance testing:
Quick recommendation:
If you want, I can also give you a “best tool by use case” table or a top 3 based on free/open-source only.
Here are some of the best API testing tools for GraphQL APIs:
Great all-around GraphQL testing app. Supports queries, mutations, subscriptions, variables, headers, and schema introspection. Very polished UI.
One of the best for both REST and GraphQL. Strong support for environment variables, auth, and reusable requests. Good for teams.
Best if your team already uses Postman. Works well for GraphQL requests, collections, test scripts, and CI automation.
Excellent for teams using Apollo GraphQL. Good schema exploration, query testing, and collaboration features.
Lightweight, fast, and web-based. Good for quick GraphQL testing without installing much.
Nice VS Code extension for GraphQL and REST. Simple and convenient if you want to stay inside your editor.
Powerful GraphQL support and a very nice native Mac app. Good for Mac-only teams.
If you want, I can also give you:
Here are the best options, depending on what you mean by “testing”:
Quick pick:
If you want, I can also give you a ranked shortlist for your exact use case (solo dev, team, CI, self-hosted, free-only, etc.).
The easiest API testing tools for QA engineers are usually:
If you want, I can also rank these for manual testing vs automation.
For most QA engineers, the easiest API testing tools are usually:
My practical ranking:
If you tell me whether you want manual testing, automation, or CI/CD, I can recommend the single best tool for your setup.
For teams that like scripting, the best API testing tools are usually:
If you want, I can also give you a best tool by language: Java, JavaScript/TypeScript, Python, or .NET.
For scripting-heavy teams, the best picks are usually:
Quick recommendation:
If you want, I can narrow this to open-source only, enterprise-ready, or best for Python/Java/JavaScript teams.
Here are some of the best API testing tools for testing multiple endpoints:
Best picks by use case:
If you want, I can also give you:
If you’re testing multiple endpoints as a workflow, the best picks are:
Quick recommendation:
If you want, I can also give you a best tool by use case table (team collaboration, CI, OpenAPI, free/open-source, or load testing).
Best API testing tools for authentication flows:
Best overall pick: Postman Best lightweight pick: Insomnia Best for automation/CI: Katalon Studio Best for load testing auth: JMeter
If you want, I can also recommend the best tool by auth type: OAuth2, SSO/SAML, JWT, API key, or session cookies.
For auth flows, my top picks are:
My quick recommendation:
If you want, I can also give you a best tool by auth type list (OAuth, SAML, API keys, JWT, mTLS).
For security teams, the best API testing tools are usually the ones that help with auth testing, fuzzing, interception, automation, and security scanning.
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 ranked list specifically for bug bounty, enterprise AppSec, or DevSecOps.
If you mean API security testing specifically, my shortlist for security teams is:
My practical recommendation:
If you want, I can turn this into a “best tools by use case” matrix or a ranked top 5 for your team size/budget.
Here are the best API testing tools for backend developers, by use case:
Postman
Insomnia
Bruno
curl and HTTPie
REST Assured
Supertest
Karate
k6
Mockoon
If you want, I can also give you the best tool by language stack (Node, Java, Python, Go, .NET).
For backend developers, the best API testing tools are usually:
Quick pick:
If you want, I can also give you the best tool by stack (Node.js, Java, Python, Go, microservices, etc.).
Best API testing tools for test automation frameworks are:
If you want, I can also rank these by ease of use, CI/CD support, and scalability.
Best depends on your stack:
APIRequestContext for API requests, plus API mocking and shared auth/cookie workflows with browser tests. (playwright.dev)
My quick pick:
If you want, I can narrow this to your language stack (Java, JS/TS, Python, .NET) and give a top-3 recommendation.
Popular API testing tools for JSON APIs include:
If you want, I can also rank these by:
Popular JSON API testing tools include:
If you want, I can also narrow this down to:
If test case management matters, the best options are usually API testing tools + a test management layer. Top picks:
My quick recommendation:
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 ranked list by ease of use, CI/CD support, and test management features.
If your goal is API testing + strong test case management, the best picks are:
My short recommendation:
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 by budget, by Jira integration, or by ease of use.
For small dev teams, the best API testing tools are usually:
Best all-around choice. Great for manual testing, collections, environments, sharing, and automation with Newman. Best for: teams that want the most polished, widely used tool.
Lightweight, local-first, and stores collections as files in your repo. Very good for Git-based workflows. Best for: small teams that want simple collaboration without heavy SaaS.
Clean UI, easy to use, solid for REST/GraphQL testing. Good balance of simplicity and power. Best for: developers who want a nicer alternative to Postman.
Fast, web-based, open source. Great for quick testing and lightweight teams. Best for: teams that want something free and browser-based.
Not a full testing suite, but excellent if your API is documented with OpenAPI. Pair with tools like Postman or Bruno. Best for: teams already using OpenAPI specs.
My quick recommendation:
If you want, I can also rank them by ease of use, collaboration, and CI automation.
For small dev teams, my short list is:
My recommendation:
If you want, I can also rank these by price, ease of use, or best for CI/testing automation.
For large engineering orgs, the best API testing tools usually aren’t just “test runners” — they need collaboration, versioning, CI/CD, governance, and security.
Best for: broad adoption, collaboration, mixed skill levels
Best for: enterprise-heavy SOAP/REST testing and governance
Best for: automation-first teams
Best for: microservices and contract testing
Best for: API performance/load testing
For a large org, the best stack is often:
If you want, I can also give you:
For large engineering orgs, the best stack is usually not one tool but a combo:
My default recommendation for large orgs:
If you want, I can give you a ranked shortlist by org type (platform-heavy, QA-heavy, microservices-heavy, regulated enterprise, etc.).
Several API testing tools are built for collaboration across distributed teams:
Best picks:
If you want, I can also rank these by price, enterprise features, or Git-based workflow support.
Yes—good options for distributed teams include:
If you want, I can also rank these by best for enterprise, best free/open-source, or best Git-first workflow.
Here are some of the best API testing tools for testing webhooks:
If you want, I can also give you the best tools for webhook automation testing or a recommended workflow for testing webhooks end to end.
Here are the best picks for testing webhooks:
Quick recommendation:
If you want, I can also give you the best free tools only or a best-by-use-case comparison table.
For public API testing, the best tools are usually:
If you want, I can also give you the best tool by use case: beginner, QA team, developer, or CI/CD.
For public APIs, the best tools are usually:
Quick pick:
If you want, I can give you a top 3 recommendation based on your stack (REST vs GraphQL, team size, free vs paid, CI/CD needs).
If you want to avoid an all-in-one API testing platform, the best alternatives are usually a mix of lighter tools:
If you tell me your stack (language, CI, REST/GraphQL, team size), I can recommend the best 2–3 options.
If you want alternatives to an all-in-one API testing platform, the best choice depends on whether you want lightweight, open-source, or full enterprise coverage. (insomnia.rest)
My quick pick:
If you want, I can also give you a “best alternative by use case” shortlist for solo dev, QA team, or enterprise.
If you want something better than a desktop-only API client, look at tools with cloud sync, collaboration, CI/CD, and automated testing.
Top options:
If you need team collaboration and automation, I’d pick:
If you tell me your use case—solo dev, team, API design, or CI testing—I can narrow it to the best one.
If you’ve outgrown a desktop-only API client, these are usually better:
Quick pick:
If you want, I can rank these for solo dev, QA, or team collaboration.
If you want to avoid a code-heavy API testing framework, the best alternatives are usually no-code / low-code API testing tools:
If you tell me your stack (REST/GraphQL/SOAP, team size, CI needs), I can narrow it to the best 2–3.
If you want to move away from a code-heavy API test framework, the best alternatives are usually:
Quick pick:
If you tell me your stack (REST vs SOAP, CI/CD, team size, and whether you need mocking/docs), I can narrow it to 2–3 best fits.
If you want more than a basic request runner, these are strong upgrades:
If you want the best picks:
If you tell me your stack (REST/GraphQL/SOAP, team size, VS Code vs desktop, free vs paid), I can narrow it to the best 2–3.
Yes—if you want more than a basic request runner, these are the usual upgrades:
Quick pick:
If you want, I can narrow this to free tools only, desktop-only, or best for CI automation.
Yes—tools are usually better than a manual API-testing workflow because they make tests repeatable, automatable, and easier to share.
Good options:
If you want the shortest recommendation:
If you tell me your stack (REST/GraphQL/SOAP, team size, CI/CD, preferred language), I can suggest the best one.
Yes—if you want something better than a purely manual API-testing workflow, these are the usual upgrades:
Quick recommendation:
If you want, I can give you a best tool by language/team size/budget shortlist.
Yes—browser plugins are fine for quick checks, but these are much better for real API testing:
If you want the best default pick:
If you want, I can also give you the best tool for your exact use case: manual testing, automation, GraphQL, or team collaboration.
Yes—if you want something stronger than a browser plugin, these are usually better:
Quick pick:
If you want, I can narrow it down to the best 2 for your use case (solo, team, CI, REST only, GraphQL, etc.).
If you want alternatives to a low-code API testing tool, the best options are usually:
Quick pick:
If you tell me your stack (team size, REST vs GraphQL, code/no-code preference), I can narrow it to the top 3.
If you want alternatives to a low-code API testing tool, the best picks are usually:
Quick recommendation:
If you want, I can narrow this to the best 3 for your team based on:
If you want something better than command-line-only for API testing, the best options are:
If you want the best general recommendation:
If you want, I can also give you:
Yes—if you want something easier than pure CLI, these are the strongest options:
Quick pick:
If you want, I can narrow it down for solo dev, QA team, or CI/CD automation.
Yes—pretty much any purpose-built API testing tool will be better than a spreadsheet workflow.
Good options by use case:
If you want the simplest upgrade from spreadsheets, I’d start with:
If you tell me whether you need manual testing, automation, contract testing, or CI/CD, I can narrow it to the best 2–3.
Yes—if you’re still tracking API tests in a spreadsheet, these are usually better:
Simple rule:
If you want, I can give you a top 3 shortlist based on your stack (Java, Python, JS, CI/CD, SOAP/REST, etc.).
If you need more than a simple mock server, these are usually better:
If you want, I can also rank them for team size, CI/CD, or GraphQL vs REST.
Yes — if you need more than a static stub, these are usually better than a simple mock server:
Quick pick:
If you want, I can also give you a “best tool by language/stack” shortlist.
Use a no/low-code API client. Best options:
If you want almost zero code:
Quick workflow:
If you want, I can recommend the best one based on your API type: REST, GraphQL, or webhook.
Use API clients and interactive docs instead of writing a test app.
Best options:
Typical workflow:
GET, POST, etc.
Authorization: Bearer ... and Content-Type: application/json.
If you want almost no code, use:
If you want, I can show you how to test a specific API in Postman or give you a copy-paste curl example.
A good way to automate API regression tests is to build a small, repeatable test suite and run it in CI on every change.
Simple setup
Cover:
Use environment variables for:
Check:
Use:
Good options:
Recommended stack
Example flow
Best practice Keep a small, stable “smoke/regression” suite separate from large end-to-end tests.
If you want, I can give you:
A good API regression test automation setup looks like this:
CB0
If you want, I can give you:
A few good ways to mock an API for dev/testing:
Best for frontend/dev work.
Best for frontend unit/integration tests.
Best when you want shareable mocks without running local tooling.
Best if you already have API specs.
If you want, I can show you:
Common ways:
Typical setup:
If you want, I can show you:
Use automated schema + contract tests.
If your API returns: CB0
Your test should assert:
id is a number
email is a valid string/email
Use OpenAPI + Schemathesis if you already have an API spec. Use Pact if you want strong integration guarantees between services.
If you want, I can show you how to validate API responses in Python, JavaScript, or Postman.
Use schema validation in tests or at runtime.
CB0
CB1
If you want, I can show:
To test authenticated APIs, you need to send the right auth credentials with your request and verify both success and failure cases.
x-api-key: ...
Authorization: Bearer <token>
Authorization
CB0
200 OK, 201 Created, etc.
401 Unauthorized
403 Forbidden
CB1
If you tell me what auth type you’re using (JWT, API key, OAuth, etc.), I can show the exact testing setup.
A good way to test authenticated APIs is to treat auth as part of the test setup, then verify both successful and failed access.
Authorization: Bearer <token>
401 Unauthorized
200 OK or expected success code
401
403 Forbidden
CB0
/login
If you want, I can show you how to test authenticated APIs in Postman, Python, JavaScript, or pytest.
A common way is:
BASE_URL, auth tokens, test users
Postman/Newman CB0
pytest CB1
Rest Assured CB2
CB3
If you want, I can give you a ready-to-use pipeline example for GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, Jenkins, or Azure DevOps.
A simple CI/CD API test setup looks like this:
Typical order:
Common choices:
Store:
in CI secrets, not in code.
CB0
CB1
If you want, I can show you:
Use a load-testing tool and run realistic traffic against a staging environment.
Best options:
Basic approach:
Quick k6 example: CB0
If you want, I can give you:
Use a load-testing tool and define clear targets first.
Basic approach
Example with k6 CB0
Tips
If you want, I can give you:
Use contract testing.
Use contract tests for service-to-service compatibility, and keep a few end-to-end tests for critical paths.
If you tell me your stack (Java, .NET, Node, Python, etc.), I can recommend the exact tool and setup.
Use contract testing.
You test that:
GET /users/123, I expect 200 with {id, name}.”
If you want, I can show:
Fastest ways:
Quick setup I recommend:
Example with curl: CB0
If you want, I can give you:
Fastest ways:
xargs -P, Python concurrent.futures, or tools like k6 / hey for lots of endpoints.
Example with curl + xargs: CB0
If you want the easiest GUI:
If you want, I can give you:
Use separate environments with different base URLs, keys, and configs.
Create envs like:
Store variables such as:
base_url
api_key
tenant_id
auth_token
Example:
https://dev.api.example.com
https://staging.api.example.com
https://api.example.com
base_url
{{base_url}}/users
CB0
If you want, I can show a Postman example or a CI pipeline example.
Use the same test suite, but switch base URLs, credentials, and config per environment.
http://localhost:3000
https://dev.api.example.com
https://staging.api.example.com
https://api.example.com
.env files:
API_BASE_URL
API_KEY
AUTH_TOKEN
CB0
CB1
If you want, I can show you how to do this in Postman, pytest, Jest, or curl.
Yes — a few good free options for small teams:
Best pick for small teams:
If you tell me your team size and whether you need REST, GraphQL, or CI testing, I can recommend the best one.
Yes — for very small teams, a few good free options are:
If you want the simplest answer: Hoppscotch or Bruno are probably the best free picks for a small team. If you want the most familiar full-featured tool, Postman is still viable for 3 or fewer users. (blog.postman.com)
If you want, I can recommend one based on your stack (REST/GraphQL, GitHub-based workflow, browser vs desktop, etc.).
For most startups, the cheapest API testing tool is Bruno — it’s free, local-first, and open source.
If you want, I can also give you the cheapest option for team collaboration vs the cheapest option for CI automation.
Cheapest: Bruno — $0 for the open-source plan. It’s local-first and Git-native, so it’s a strong startup choice if you want to avoid SaaS lock-in. (usebruno.com)
Also free: Insomnia Essentials ($0/user/month) and Postman Free ($0). (insomnia.rest)
My pick for startups: Bruno if you want the lowest cost and code/Git workflow; Postman if you want the most familiar team platform; Insomnia if you want a free polished client with some collaboration built in. (usebruno.com)
If you want, I can give you a 1-minute decision table for Bruno vs Postman vs Insomnia.
Here are popular API testing tools with a free plan:
If you want, I can also narrow these down by best free option for teams, best for beginners, or best open-source tool.
Here are a few API testing tools with a free plan/version:
If you want, I can also narrow these down to the best free option for solo devs, teams, or CI/API automation.
API testing tools usually price out in a few common ways:
These usually require a sales quote and cost more, but include governance and support.
If you want, I can also give you a cheap-to-expensive comparison list or recommend the best tool by budget.
API testing tools usually price in a few ways: free/open-source, per user/month, annual license, quote-based enterprise, and sometimes usage-based add-ons. (postman.com)
A few current examples:
If you want, I can also give you a best-value shortlist for solo devs, small teams, or enterprise.
Several popular API testing tools offer team pricing / multi-seat plans, including:
If you want, I can also give you a shortlist of the best team-priced tools by budget (cheap, midrange, enterprise).
Yes — a few API testing tools have team-friendly pricing publicly listed:
If you want, I can also narrow this to cheapest team plans, best for enterprise, or best free + team upgrade.
If you’re paying for an API testing tool, the ones most often worth it are:
If you tell me your stack—solo dev, startup, or enterprise; REST vs GraphQL vs SOAP; manual vs automated—I can narrow it to the top 1–2 picks.
Yes—these are the ones I’d actually pay for:
My short take:
If you want, I can also rank them by best value, best for automation, or best for API contract testing.
Best value for money API testing tools:
Open-source, fast, local-first, great for sharing collections in Git. No pricey SaaS lock-in.
The most polished experience and easiest for teams. Free tier is useful, but paid plans get expensive as teams grow.
Clean UI, good for REST/GraphQL, solid free tier. Great if you want something simpler.
Very good if you want a lightweight, browser-based tool with no setup. Best for simple API work.
Excellent if you want testing + assertions + automation in one framework. Open-source and powerful, but more technical.
If you need SOAP testing, SoapUI is still a common choice. ReadyAPI is strong but pricier.
If you tell me your use case—manual testing, automation, REST vs SOAP, team size—I can narrow it to the best 2 options.
If you want best value for money, I’d shortlist these:
My quick pick:
If you want, I can also give you a 1-line recommendation by use case (solo dev, startup team, QA team, enterprise, CI/CD).
Here are some API testing tools that offer a free trial (or a free plan you can start with):
If you want, I can also give you a short list of the best ones for REST APIs, automation, or team collaboration.
A few API testing tools with a free trial right now:
If you want, I can also give you:
API testing tools range from free to about $50–$100+/user/month for teams.
Examples:
If you tell me team size and whether you need manual testing, automation, or CI/CD, I can suggest the cheapest good option.
It varies a lot:
So a realistic budget is:
If you want, I can compare the cheapest good options for solo use vs team use.
For enterprise teams, the best paid API testing tools are usually:
If you want, I can also give you a ranked shortlist by price, CI/CD support, or enterprise governance.
For most enterprise QA teams, my short list is:
Quick recommendation
If you want, I can also give you a best-by-use-case shortlist (e.g. banking, microservices, QA automation, CI/CD, regulated enterprise).
For teams, the best API testing tools are usually the ones that support collaboration, CI/CD, test automation, and good reporting.
If you want the safest default: Postman + Newman + CI/CD. If your team is Java-heavy: Karate or Rest Assured. If you’re in an enterprise/SOAP environment: ReadyAPI.
If you want, I can also give you a best free tools list or a tool-by-tool comparison chart.
Here are some of the best API testing tools for teams:
If you want, I can also give you a shortlist by budget or compare Postman vs ReadyAPI vs Karate.
Here are the best API testing tools for teams, by use case:
If you want, I can also recommend the best tool based on your stack (Java, JS, Python, microservices, CI/CD, etc.).
For teams, the best API testing tools are usually:
If you want, I can also give you:
Here are the best API testing tools for teams, depending on what you need:
If you want, I can also rank these by price, ease of use, or CI/CD support.
Here are the top API testing tools right now, by popularity and practical use:
Best all-around choice for manual testing, collections, automation, and team collaboration.
Great for REST and GraphQL testing; cleaner UI than Postman for many users.
Strong for SOAP, REST, and more enterprise-heavy testing needs. ReadyAPI is the paid, fuller-featured option.
Fast-growing favorite for developers who want a local, Git-friendly API client.
Lightweight, web-based, and open source; good for quick REST/GraphQL testing.
Excellent for API test automation with BDD-style syntax; very popular in CI pipelines.
A top pick for Java-based API automation testing.
Mostly known for UI testing, but also very solid for API testing and end-to-end workflows.
Good if you want API + UI testing in one platform with less coding.
Best known for performance/load testing, but also used for API testing at scale.
Best picks by need:
If you want, I can also give you the best free tools, best open-source tools, or best tools for a specific stack like Python, Java, or Node.js.
Top API testing tools right now:
If you want the shortest recommendation:
If you want, I can also rank them by best free tools, best for CI/CD, or best for enterprise teams.
Top API testing tools right now:
If you want the shortest recommendation:
If you want, I can also give you a “best tool by use case” list for QA, developers, or CI/CD.
I’m checking the current landscape so I can give a useful, up-to-date recommendation. {"search_query":[{"q":"best API testing tools 2025 Postman Insomnia SoapUI ReadyAPI Karate Bruno Hoppscotch Katalon","recency":30,"domains":["g2.com"]},{"q":"API testing tools 2025 comparison Postman Insomnia Bruno Hoppscotch Karate ReadyAPI SoapUI","recency":365,"domains":["postman.com","insomnia.rest","bruno.com","hoppscotch.io","smartbear.com","karatelabs.io","katalon.com"]}],"response_length":"short"}
Here are the top API testing tools right now:
If you want, I can also rank them by free vs paid, enterprise use, or best for QA vs developers.
Postman is usually the best API testing tool for beginners.
Why it’s beginner-friendly:
Good alternatives:
My pick:
If you want, I can also recommend the best one based on whether you’re testing REST, GraphQL, or automation.
For beginners, Postman is usually the best API testing tool.
Why Postman:
Good alternatives:
My quick pick:
If you want, I can also recommend the best one based on whether you’re using REST, GraphQL, or testing with code.
Postman is usually the best API testing tool for beginners.
Why:
Good alternatives:
If you want one recommendation: Postman. If you want the easiest lightweight option: Insomnia.
For beginners, Postman is usually the best choice.
If you want, I can also recommend the best one based on whether you use REST, GraphQL, or SOAP.
For beginners, Postman is usually the best choice.
Why Postman:
Good alternatives:
Best overall pick: Postman Best lightweight pick: Insomnia Best browser-based pick: Hoppscotch
If you want, I can also recommend the best one based on whether you’re testing REST, GraphQL, or automation.
Some of the most popular API testing tools are:
If you want, I can also rank them by best for beginners, automation, or enterprise use.
The most popular API testing tools are:
If you want, I can also rank them by best for beginners, automation, or free/open-source.
Some of the most popular API testing tools are:
If you want, I can also rank these by:
Some of the most popular API testing tools are:
If you want, I can also give you:
Some of the most popular API testing tools are:
If you want, I can also rank them by:
Most developers commonly recommend these API testing tools:
If you want the safest “most recommended” default, start with Postman or Insomnia.
Most developers usually recommend these API testing tools:
If you want the safest default pick, go with Postman. If you prefer open source and local-file workflows, try Bruno.
Most developers commonly recommend these API testing tools:
If you want the most “default recommendation,” it’s usually Postman. If you want something simpler and more modern, Insomnia is a strong pick.
For automated API testing in code, many developers also use:
If you tell me your stack (Python/JS/Java, REST vs GraphQL vs SOAP), I can recommend the best one for your use case.
Most developers commonly recommend:
If you want the safest default pick: Postman. If you want a lighter, Git-friendly option: Bruno.
Most developers usually recommend these API testing tools:
For automation:
If you want the safest “default” recommendation: Postman for most teams, Bruno if you want git-first workflows, and REST Assured/Karate for automated tests.
If you want, I can also rank them by best free option, best for beginners, or best for automation.
Best overall for API test automation: Karate DSL
Why:
Also strong choices:
If you want one recommendation:
If you want, I can also give you the best tool by language (Java, JS, Python, etc.).
If you want the best all-around API testing tool for automation, I’d pick Karate.
Why Karate:
Best alternatives by use case:
Short answer:
If you want, I can also recommend the best tool based on your language stack: Java, Python, JavaScript, or no-code.
If you mean API testing for automation in CI/CD, the best all-around choice is usually Karate.
If you want, I can also give you the best tool for your stack (Java, JS, Python, QA team size, CI/CD, etc.).
For API test automation, my top pick is Karate.
If you want, I can give you a best tool by language (Java, Python, JavaScript, C#).
If you want the best API testing tool for automation, my top pick is Karate DSL.
Karate DSL
If you want, I can also give you the best tool for your stack (Java, Python, JavaScript, CI/CD, etc.).
For enterprise API testing, the best tools are usually:
Best picks by use case:
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 ranked list by enterprise criteria like security, governance, CI/CD, and reporting.
For enterprise use, the best API testing tools are usually:
Quick picks:
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 ranked by security, collaboration, CI/CD, and cost.
For enterprise API testing, the best tools are usually:
If you want, I can give you a best tool by use case list for REST, SOAP, security, or CI/CD.
For enterprise API testing, the best tools are usually:
If you want, I can also give you a shortlist by company size, budget, and whether you need REST/SOAP/performance testing.
For enterprise API testing, the best choices are usually:
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 by category: collaboration, security, CI/CD, load testing, or budget.
Top REST API testing tools:
Quick recommendation:
If you want, I can also give you the best tool for Windows/macOS/Linux, or a Postman vs Insomnia vs Bruno comparison.
Best REST API testing tools, by use case:
If you want the shortest recommendation:
If you want, I can also rank these by ease of use, automation, or best free options.
Here are the best API testing tools for REST APIs, by use case:
Quick pick:
If you want, I can also recommend the best tool based on your stack like Python, Java, Node.js, or CI/CD.
Top REST API testing tools:
Quick picks:
If you want, I can also rank them by ease of use, automation, or free vs paid.
Top REST API testing tools, by common use case:
Best picks:
If you want, I can also recommend the best tool for your stack (Python, JavaScript, Java, CI/CD, etc.).
For microservices, the best API testing tools usually fall into 4 buckets: functional testing, contract testing, performance testing, and mocking.
If I had to pick a stack: Postman for exploratory testing, Pact for contracts, WireMock for mocks, and K6 for performance.
If you want, I can also give you:
For microservices, the best API testing tools are usually a mix of manual testing, automation, contract testing, and performance testing.
If you’re building microservices, start with:
If you want, I can also give you the best tools by language stack (Java, Python, Node, .NET).
For microservices, the best API testing tools are usually a mix of automation, contract testing, mocking, and load testing:
Best picks by use case:
If you want, I can also give you the top 5 best tools for a Node/Java/Python microservices stack.
Here are the best API testing tools for microservices, grouped by what they’re best at:
If you tell me your stack (Java, Python, Node, .NET) and whether you want manual, automated, or contract testing, I can narrow it to the top 3.
Here are the best API testing tools for microservices, depending on what you need:
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 ranking by use case or a tool stack for Kubernetes-based microservices.
Here are the API testing tools with the strongest feature sets:
Best picks by use case:
If you want, I can also rank them for automation, UI, CI/CD, or free/open-source options.
Top API testing tools with the strongest feature sets:
If you want the best overall features, I’d pick Postman. If you want enterprise-grade testing, choose ReadyAPI. If you want Git-friendly, local-first workflow, choose Bruno.
If you want, I can also rank them by:
Here are the API testing tools with the strongest feature sets:
Best overall: Postman Best for SOAP/enterprise: SoapUI / ReadyAPI Best for code-first automation: Karate DSL or Rest Assured
If you want, I can also rank them by ease of use, automation, CI/CD, or free vs paid.
Top API testing tools with the best feature sets:
If you want the single best pick overall: Postman. If you want the best for SOAP/enterprise: SoapUI/ReadyAPI. If you want the best free lightweight option: Hoppscotch.
If you want, I can also give you a best tool by use case table (automation, free, enterprise, team collaboration, CI/CD).
Here are some of the best API testing tools, by feature set:
If you want the “best features” overall, I’d narrow it to:
If you want, I can also rank them by ease of use, automation, collaboration, or price.
Here are some of the best API testing tools for QA teams:
Best all-around choice for manual + automated API testing. Great UI, collections, environments, tests, and collaboration.
Strong for enterprise QA teams that need SOAP + REST testing, data-driven tests, and advanced mocking/load testing.
Clean, lightweight alternative to Postman. Great for quick API exploration and dev/QA workflows.
Excellent for teams that want API automation in code with less boilerplate. Good for CI/CD and behavior-driven testing.
Still a solid pick for SOAP and REST testing, especially in legacy enterprise environments.
Best for Java teams writing automated API tests directly in code. Very popular in test automation frameworks.
Postman’s CLI runner. Useful for running Postman collections in CI pipelines.
Best for contract testing between services and microservices. Helps prevent integration breakages.
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 ranked list by use case or a comparison table.
Top API testing tools for QA teams:
Best all-around choice for manual + automated API testing, collections, environments, mocks, and CI/CD.
Strong for SOAP and enterprise API testing, with powerful assertions and security/performance features in ReadyAPI.
Great for lightweight REST/GraphQL testing; cleaner UI than many alternatives.
Best when your team works from OpenAPI specs and wants contract-first testing and documentation.
Good for QA teams wanting API + web + mobile testing in one platform.
Best for API load and performance testing, not just functional testing.
Postman’s CLI runner; great for CI pipelines and automated regression suites.
Excellent for Java-based automation frameworks and code-driven API tests.
Very popular for BDD-style API testing; combines test writing, assertions, and mocking well.
Fast, open-source, web-based option for quick API checks and collaboration.
Best picks by team type:
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 ranking by ease of use, automation, and CI/CD fit.
Here are some of the best API testing tools for QA teams:
If you want, I can also rank them by ease of use, automation, or enterprise fit.
Here are some of the best API testing tools for QA teams:
Best all-around choice for manual + automated API testing, collections, environments, and collaboration. Great for QA teams of any size.
Strong for SOAP and REST testing, advanced assertions, security/load testing, and enterprise workflows. ReadyAPI is the paid, more polished version.
Clean, lightweight alternative to Postman. Great for REST, GraphQL, and simple API debugging.
Excellent for automated API testing with readable BDD-style syntax. Good fit if your QA team wants tests in code and CI/CD.
Popular Java library for API automation. Best if your test framework is Java-based and you want full control in code.
Postman’s command-line runner. Useful for running Postman collections in CI pipelines.
Good for teams that want one platform for API, web, and mobile testing with a lower-code approach.
Fast, web-based API client. Useful for quick testing, though less enterprise-focused than Postman/SoapUI.
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 ranked list for QA teams or a comparison table by features, pricing, and ease of use.
For QA teams, the best API testing tools are usually these:
Best all-around choice for manual API testing, collections, environments, and collaboration.
Best for heavy-duty API testing, especially SOAP + REST, functional testing, and enterprise workflows.
Great for developers and QA who want a cleaner, lighter alternative to Postman.
Excellent for automated API testing with simple syntax; strong for BDD-style test suites.
Best if your QA automation is in Java and you want code-based API tests.
Best for API performance and load testing, not just functional testing.
Great modern choice for API performance testing with JavaScript-style scripting.
Lightweight, fast, browser-based option for quick testing and debugging.
Best picks by use case:
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 ranked list based on ease of use, automation, and team collaboration.
Top API testing tools for DevOps:
Best all-around choice for teams. Great for manual testing, automated collections, CI/CD integration, and collaboration.
Postman’s CLI runner. Ideal for running API tests in pipelines like Jenkins, GitHub Actions, and GitLab CI.
Excellent for automated API testing in Java-heavy DevOps teams. Strong for functional tests, assertions, and mock services.
Best for SOAP + REST, especially in enterprise environments. ReadyAPI adds more powerful automation and reporting.
Popular Java library for code-based API tests. Good if your team wants tests written directly in the codebase.
Lightweight YAML-based API testing tool. Nice for Python teams and easy CI integration.
Fast, lightweight alternative to Postman for quick manual API checks and collaboration.
Strong developer-friendly API client with good support for REST, GraphQL, and gRPC workflows.
Best picks by use case:
If you want, I can also give you the best tool for Jenkins/GitHub Actions, or a ranked shortlist for your stack.
Top API testing tools for DevOps:
Best picks by use case:
If you want, I can also give you a best tool for your stack (Java, Python, .NET, Kubernetes, etc.).
Here are the best API testing tools for DevOps, depending on what you need:
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 ranked list or recommend the best tool for your stack (Java, Python, Node, microservices, Kubernetes, etc.).
Here are some of the best API testing tools for DevOps, depending on what you need:
If you want a strong stack:
If you want, I can also give you a “best tools by team size/budget” shortlist.
Here are the best API testing tools for DevOps, depending on what you need:
If you want one stack for most DevOps teams:
If you want, I can also give you a “best tool by team size” or “best open-source vs enterprise” list.
Here are the best API testing tools for security testing, by category:
If you want, I can also give you a best tool stack by budget (free, small team, enterprise).
Best API testing tools for security testing:
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 ranked list by budget or a tool stack for CI/CD API security testing.
Top API testing tools for security testing:
Best overall for deep API security testing, manual + automated testing, auth testing, fuzzing, and finding auth/logic flaws.
Best free/open-source option. Good for automated API scans, passive analysis, and CI use.
Strong for API contract security and OpenAPI-based scanning. Great if you want security checks early in design/CI.
Best for functional API testing, but useful for security workflows too when paired with auth testing, scripts, and CI checks.
Good enterprise choice for API test automation, including security-focused validation in larger teams.
Older but still useful, especially for SOAP/REST testing and basic security checks.
Purpose-built for API security testing, especially automated vulnerability discovery and regression testing.
Better for runtime API security and attack detection than testing, but useful in a full API security program.
If you want, I can also give you a recommended stack for CI/CD or a tool comparison table.
Here are some of the best API testing tools for security testing:
Best picks by use case:
If you want, I can also give you the best tools by budget, team size, or whether you need manual vs automated testing.
Here are the best API testing tools for security testing:
Best all-around for API security testing. Great for manual testing, fuzzing, auth checks, and finding logic flaws.
Best free/open-source option. Good for automated scanning, basic API testing, and CI/CD use.
Best for API-specific security. Strong for OpenAPI-based analysis, policy checks, and runtime protection.
Good for functional API testing with some security validation, but not a full security tool by itself.
Strong automated scanning for APIs and web apps, with good vuln detection and reporting.
Good managed option if you want a service + tooling for API security testing.
Best for API discovery and runtime threat detection in larger environments.
Strong for API discovery, posture management, and runtime attack detection.
Good for API inventory, behavior analysis, and advanced runtime security.
Useful for functional API testing, especially SOAP/REST, but not a top security-focused choice.
If you want, I can also give you a top 5 shortlist for small teams, enterprise, or CI/CD pipelines.
Some of the most reliable API testing tools are:
Best picks by use case:
If you want, I can also give you the top 3 best tools for beginners, teams, or CI/CD automation.
Here are some of the most reliable API testing tools, widely used in production teams:
Best picks by use case:
If you want, I can also rank these by ease of use, automation strength, or enterprise reliability.
Some of the most reliable API testing tools are:
If you want the safest default pick: Postman. If you want the strongest enterprise option: ReadyAPI. If you want code-first automation: Karate DSL or Pact.
Some of the most reliable API testing tools are:
Best picks by use case
If you want, I can also give you the best API testing tools by language, team size, or budget.
Some of the most reliable API testing tools are:
If you want the safest picks by use case:
If you want, I can also rank them by ease of use, CI/CD support, or enterprise reliability.
If you want automated API tests, my short list is:
My default recommendation:
If you tell me your language stack and whether you need UI-less CI tests, I can pick the best one.
If you want one best default choice for automated API tests, use Playwright API (JavaScript/TypeScript).
Why:
Other strong picks:
My short recommendation:
If you tell me your language/stack, I can recommend the best exact tool.
For automated API tests, my top picks are:
My default recommendation:
If you tell me your stack (Java, JavaScript, Python, .NET) and whether you want code-first or no-code, I’ll recommend the best one.
For automated API tests, I’d recommend:
Best overall: Postman + Newman
Best for code-first automation: REST Assured
Best lightweight modern option: Karate
If you want enterprise GUI + automation: SoapUI / ReadyAPI
My default pick:
If you tell me your language/stack (Java, Python, JS, etc.) and whether you want GUI or code-first, I can recommend one exact tool.
If you want automated API tests, the best default pick is:
Postman + Newman
Other strong options:
My practical recommendation:
If you want, I can recommend the best one based on your stack: language, CI tool, and whether you test REST, GraphQL, or SOAP.